Constraints from Above

The View from Above

norms and constraints in translating childrens novels from english into persian

abstract foreign and iranian cultures are far distinct in the constraints imposed on writing and translating for children, since the iranian literary system is mainly concerned with cultural and religious instructions which lead to manipulation of translated texts. this study sought to identify the cultural and social constraints and norms which determined the strategies applied in the transl...

Constraints on possible phase transitions above the nuclear saturation density

The equation of state (EOS) of compressed baryon–rich matter remains rather uncertain. Two constraints should be fulfilled within any model pretending to construct such EOS. First, at large baryon densities ρB it should asymptotically approach the EOS of ideal gas of constituent quarks and qluons. A less trivial constraint, which is often ignored, is that the isospin-symmetric nuclear matter sh...

Cascades from Νe above 10 20 Ev

At very high energies, the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect reduces the cross sections for electron bremsstrahlung and photon e + e − pair production. The fractional electron energy loss and pair production cross sections drop as the energy increases. In contrast, the cross sections for photonuclear interactions grow with energy. In solids and liquids, at energies above 10 20 eV, photonuclear r...

Above-bandgap voltages from ferroelectric photovoltaic devices.

In conventional solid-state photovoltaics, electron-hole pairs are created by light absorption in a semiconductor and separated by the electric field spaning a micrometre-thick depletion region. The maximum voltage these devices can produce is equal to the semiconductor electronic bandgap. Here, we report the discovery of a fundamentally different mechanism for photovoltaic charge separation, w...